奶牛粪便排泄系数测定

随着奶牛养殖业的发展,养殖粪便也大幅度的增加,而准确量化所产生的污染物,是环保部门需要解决的问题。通过实验测定奶牛粪便排泄系数,有利于对奶牛养殖污染物的排放进行管理。     

呼和浩特市奶牛养殖业污染现状及防治对策

通过对呼和浩特市奶牛养殖污染状况调查,提出相应防治对策。     

施用牛粪肥和复混肥对碳酸盐岩试片溶蚀作用影响的室内模拟研究

农业施肥影响土壤的理化性质,影响土壤碳酸盐风化动力学,以至影响碳循环系统。本研究通过土柱模拟试验,结合底部埋置碳酸盐岩试片,依据淋滤液的水化学对比分析,研究了施用牛粪肥及复混肥对土下碳酸盐岩试片溶蚀作用的影响。结果表明,施用牛粪肥后,淋滤液中的HCO-3、C1^～、NH4＋、耗氧量（COD）、K＋、Ca2＋、Mg＋、N...     

牛粪堆肥升温菌剂的筛选及其作用机制

以糖、淀粉、蛋白质、纤维素培养基及菌株增殖倍数、菌株性能等为筛选方法,从牛粪低温堆肥中筛选不同原料重要功能菌并组成功能菌剂;以不同类别原料菌及单菌株发酵实验对升温机制进行研究。结果表明,芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌、纤维单胞菌及小孢霉菌等为重要功能菌;菌剂起温快,升温效果好,48 h堆体即由低温进入中温,5 d达到高温,腐熟时间可缩短至约17~18 d;糖功能菌升温效果最为显著,淀粉及蛋白质功能菌次之,纤维素功能菌升温能力较弱;菌株利用各种原料能力越强,增殖速度越快,对升温作用越大。各菌株充分利用基质各成分,紧密协同和促进,是低温堆体发酵升温的主要作用机制。     

猪粪、木屑混合物蚯蚓堆制处理中蚓体Cu、Zn富集的影响因素

采用室内接种法,以赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）构建生物反应器,研究猪粪、木屑混合物的蚯蚓堆制处理中,蚓体的生长状况及影响其Cu、Zn富集的主要因素。结果表明,接种密度为40 mg.g-1、湿度为75%同时有利于蚯蚓生长和基质消耗;温度为15℃对蚓体质量增加最有利,而温度为20℃最利于基质消耗;m（猪粪）∶m（木屑）为6∶4可同时利于蚓体质量增加和基质消耗。适宜的接种密度（48 mg.g-1）、湿度（70%）、温度（15℃）及较高比例的碳源辅料〔m（猪粪）∶m（木屑）为6∶4〕有利于蚓体对Cu的吸收和富集;低接种密度和高比例碳源辅料有利于蚓体对Zn的吸收,湿度和温度对蚓体Zn含量无显著影响,但蚓体Zn富集量分别在接种密度48 mg.g-1、m（猪粪）∶m（木屑）为6∶4、湿度75%和温度15℃条件下达最大。     

Understanding Trait‐Dependent Community Disassembly: Dung Beetles,Density Functions,and Forest Fragmentation

Abstract: Anthropogenic disturbances such as fragmentation are rapidly altering biodiversity, yet a lack of attention to species traits and abundance patterns has made the results of most studies difficult to generalize. We determined traits of extinction‐prone species and present a novel strategy for classifying species according to their population‐level response to a gradient of disturbance intensity. We examined the effects of forest fragmentation on dung beetle communities in an archipelago of 33 islands recently created by flooding in Venezuela. Species richness, density, and biomass all declined sharply with decreasing island area and increasing island isolation. Species richness was highly nested, indicating that local extinctions occurred nonrandomly. The most sensitive dung beetle species appeared to require at least 85 ha of forest, more than many large vertebrates. Extinction‐prone species were either large‐bodied, forest specialists, or uncommon. These explanatory variables were unrelated, suggesting at least 3 underlying causes of extirpation. Large species showed high wing loading (body mass/wing area) and a distinct flight strategy that may increase their area requirements. Although forest specificity made most species sensitive to fragmentation, a few persistent habitat generalists dispersed across the matrix. Density functions classified species into 4 response groups on the basis of their change in density with decreasing species richness. Sensitive and persistent species both declined with increasing fragmentation intensity, but persistent species occurred on more islands, which may be due to their higher baseline densities. Compensatory species increased in abundance following the initial loss of sensitive species, but rapidly declined with increasing fragmentation. Supertramp species (widespread habitat generalists) may be poor competitors but strong dispersers; their abundance peaked following the decline of the other 3 groups. Nevertheless, even the least sensitive species were extirpated or rare on the smallest and most isolated islands.     

牛粪堆肥系统环境因子对抗性基因的影响

本研究利用实时定量PCR技术检测牛粪60 d好氧堆肥过程中典型四环素类抗性基因(tet Q、tet W、tet M、tet G、tet A和tet X)和大环内酯类抗性基因(erm35、erm36、erm B、erm F、erm T和erm X)的数量变化规律,系统研究了温度、含水率、挥发性有机质(VS)含量、碳氮比(C/N)、pH值、氧化还原电位(ORP)等堆肥系统环境因子和细菌数量(TCB)对这两类典型抗生素抗性基因的影响.结果表明,堆肥升温阶段牛粪中tet Q、tet W、tet G和tet X数量分别增加1. 7、0. 3、84. 8和4. 5倍,而tet M丰度降低了83. 1%;堆肥腐熟阶段牛粪中tet G和tet X数量分别增加23. 8和11. 5倍,而tet W、tet Q和tet M数量均降低90%.整个牛粪堆肥过程中erm35、erm36、erm B、erm F、erm T和erm X丰度分别增加2. 1、430. 4、0. 6、11. 5、2. 1和49. 1倍. RDA分析表明,牛粪堆肥过程中对四环素与大环内酯类抗性基因数量影响较大的3个环境因子分别为:ORP(54. 8%)、温度(34%)和VS(11. 3%),其中ORP与erm X和erm B、温度与tet Q和erm F以及VS与tet W数量均呈明显地正相关.     

Biomethanation of plant materials and agricultural residues using dung samples as wild population of microbes and also with isolated methanogens

Recycling of plant materials and agricultural residues for biomethanation was attempted in vials. The methanogenic activities of certain sewage samples have also been tested. Both sterilized and non-sterilized biomasses were used. Biomethanation was carried out with dung samples (cow, goat, buffalo, piggery wastes and poultry wash) as wild populations of microbes and in combination with other microbial isolates (isolated in the laboratory).Biomethanation had been observed to be good in most cases and particularly with the sterilized biomass. Mixed inoculum (dung samples and poultry wash) was found to be best for biomethanation. Of the microbe isolates, isolates from buffalo, pig and paper mill wastes appear to be most effective. Pretreated sawdust and rice straw were found to be good subtrates for biomethanation. Of the different plant biomass used Spirogyra (algae), Ipomea and water hyacinth were most effective whereas Jatropa gossypifolia and Parthenium sp. were the least effective. Biomethanation of Spirogyra was carried out both in anoxic and oxic conditions. Though methane production decreased enormously under oxic conditions, definite methane production continued indicating that the biomethanation process is not exclusively anoxic. Similarly, biomethanation of sewage samples from different sewage treatment plants were carried out with and without isolated methanogens and methane production was found to be moderate.     

奶牛场废水处理技术研究

本文对奶牛场废水处理工艺进行了研究。结果表明,奶牛场废水经混凝处理后,ＣＯＤｃｒ 从２０１０ ｍｇ／Ｌ 下降到５６３ｍｇ／Ｌ～６９１ ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＮＨ３ － Ｎ 可从７１ ｍｇ／Ｌ 下降到２５ ｍｇ／Ｌ～３３ ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＣＭ 从１８０ 度下降到４０ 度～７０ 度。如采用混凝表面曝气处理工艺,可使奶牛场废水达到国家排放标准,且处理工艺简单、投资少、运行费低、易操作管理     

Defensive volatile secretions of two diplopod species attract the carrion ball roller scarab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Canthon morsei</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Summary. We report field and laboratory evidence indicating that the defensive compounds secreted by the millipedes Amplinus bitumidus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida) and Anadenobolus putealis (Diplopoda: Spirobolida) attract the carrion scarab Canthon morsei (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). In a Mexican tropical rain forest, C. morsei was mostly caught in pitfall traps baited with the carcasses of both millipede species. Only a few beetles were attracted to fish carrion. Experimental evidence indicates that C. morsei is attracted to freshly dead millipedes. Benzaldehyde and HCN were identified from Amplinus bitumidus; but 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (toluquinone) and 2-methoxy- 3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone from Anadenobolus putealis. Benzaldehyde attracted significantly more C. morsei individuals than fish meat, or millipedes of both species did after rinsing in hexane. This is the first report of Polydesmida attracting dung beetles.